Abstract:
Over the past few decades, remote sensing methods have become an essential source of data across many fields of scientific research (agriculture, forestry, geosciences, etc.) and an integral part of everyday life. Advances in technology and the close integration of microelectronics into modern sensors have further expanded the use and accessibility of these methods. One such active technique for non-destructive, long-range sensing is radar remote sensing, which utilizes radio waves from the electromagnetic spectrum. Its key advantages include independence from weather conditions and sunlight; however, it also presents specific challenges, particularly errors introduced by the propagation medium – most notably, the atmosphere. These issues are especially significant when using data from radar instruments, and in particular synthetic aperture radar (SAR), processed through differential interferometric technique (DInSAR) and its enhanced variants. This paper focuses on the estimation and the possibilities for mitigation of errors caused by atmospheric effects, specifically those resulting from tropospheric refraction and ionospheric ionization, as both layers can significantly distort the information produced, thus biasing the final results and the conclusions made.